Expanding literacy rates and the creation of the U.S. Ordinary people used writing boxes as well. George Washington’s writing box ( The Miriam and Ira D. In “ The Laptops that Powered the American Revolution,” the historian Bethanee Bemis explains that during the Revolutionary War, George Washington’s “most pivotal decisions” were issued from his writing box rather than from the battlefield. Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and Alexander Hamilton all wrote on writing boxes, too. The poet Alexander Pope reportedly insisted that his writing box be placed on his bed before he woke so that he could immediately capture his thoughts in writing before leaving his bed. Lord Byron used one, as did Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters, and Charles Dickens. Like laptops today, writing boxes were common tools of working writers.
Writing boxes stored physical writing tools as well as ephemeral fruits of writing-traces of literacy, ritual, and memory. In 17th-and-18th-century Europe and America, storage boxes of all kinds proliferated: bible boxes, bridle boxes, voting boxes, keepsake boxes for baby’s first tooth and lock of hair, and photo boxes, among others.
Writing boxes had an effect a lot like that of today’s electronic devices: They created an aura around writing, investing tools with an energy and power that enabled writers to gain pleasure from writing-or from the idea of writing, which might be equally gratifying. Many also included compartments for storing letters and postcards, and secret drawers with locks for private papers, important documents, trinkets, and valuables. Small and portable, these wooden boxes were equipped with a flat or sloped surface for writing and an interior space for storing materials like paper, inkwells, quills, pens, seals, and wax. Preceding smartphones by centuries, writing boxes were among the first mobile writing inventions. Digital tools are but the latest take on a long tradition of writing in transit. Although writing’s mobility might seem a product of modern digital gadgetry, there’s nothing new about writing on the move. They write-or type-while walking, waiting for a doctor’s appointment, commuting to work, eating dinner. People do it on laptops, tablets, and phones.
The possible reasons for the increased effects of the light stress under conditions of high salt concentration in soil for Paulownia tomentosa × fortunei are discussed. Data also showed influence on the primary quinone acceptor (Q A) reoxidation, which led to the restriction of the electron flow from Q A to plastoquinone and stimulation of the cyclic electron flow. It was found that light stress reduced the amount of pigments and the efficiency of photochemical energy conversion, inhibited the maximum and the effective quantum yields of PSII photochemistry, decreased photochemical quenching and photosynthetic rate. Pulse amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorescence, P 700 redox state, and pigment analysis were used to assess the impact of high light intensity on Paulownia tomentosa × fortunei and Paulownia elongata × elongata grown on soils with different salinity. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the simultaneous action of light stress and salinity.
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